ENGLISH:

BACKGROUND

During the year 2005, a small number of prominent scientists signed an open letter to support greater funding for R&D on aging. Since that time, many fundamental advances have been achieved, for example: discovery of the Yamanaka factors and the use of partial cellular reprogramming, creation of epigenetic clocks, stem cell treatments, gene therapies and gene delivery methods (AAV, R-MCMV, SEND), gene editing techniques (CRISPR, TALEN, RNAi), blood plasma dilution, inclusion of age-related diseases in the ICD-11 classification of the WHO in 2018, protein folding solved with AI deep learning, vaccinations with mRNA, new drug delivery methods, various senolytic treatments, 3D bioprinting of organs, epigenetic cell reprogramming, nanotechnology therapies and more to come at an accelerating rate.

We think it is time to update this brief open letter and disseminate it more widely among the general public so that there will be broader support for more and better longevity research and treatments.

2005 Open Letter http://www.imminst.org/cureaging/

To whom it may concern,

Aging has been slowed and healthy lifespan prolonged in many disparate animal models (C. elegans, Drosophila, Ames dwarf mice, etc.). Thus, assuming there are common fundamental mechanisms, it should also be possible to slow aging in humans.

Greater knowledge about aging should bring better management of the debilitating pathologies associated with aging, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, and Alzheimer's. Therapies targeted at the fundamental mechanisms of aging will be instrumental in counteracting these age-related pathologies.

Therefore, this letter is a call to action for greater funding and research into both the underlying mechanisms of aging and methods for its postponement. Such research may yield dividends far greater than equal efforts to combat the age-related diseases themselves. As the mechanisms of aging are increasingly understood, increasingly effective interventions can be developed that will help prolong the healthy and productive lifespans of a great many people.

2005 Signatories http://www.imminst.org/cureaging/

2005 Publications http://www.imminst.org/cureaging/

2021 OPEN LETTER

To whom it may concern,

Aging has been slowed and healthy lifespan prolonged in many disparate animal models, it has even been reversed at the cellular and organ level. Thus, assuming (as now seems increasingly likely) there are common fundamental mechanisms, it should also be possible to slow and reverse aging in humans.

Greater knowledge about aging should bring better management of the debilitating pathologies associated with aging, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, blindness, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, type II diabetes, and Alzheimer's. Therapies targeted at the fundamental mechanisms of aging will be instrumental in counteracting these age-related pathologies.

The longevity field is growing rapidly and many new players are becoming involved, including technology giants such as Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, IBM, Facebook, and Microsoft. For example, Google created Calico (California Life Company) with that specific objective and has, together with AbbView, financed it with billions of dollars. Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon, has backed Unity Biotechnology which focuses on treatments for senescent cells. Altos Labs, a big company hiring major scientists in the field of aging, was created at the end of the Summer 2021.

Publications have also been growing exponentially, inclduding books about aging, scientific articles, and complete new journals, like Nature Aging that began publishing in 2021.

The enormous positive economic impact of healthy longevity has been studied and developed first as the idea of the Longevity Dividend in 2006, and is now calculated to reach $38 trillion by extending lifespan just one year according to a recent study by faculty of Harvard, Oxford and the London School of Economics.

Therefore, this letter is a call to action for greater funding and research into both the underlying mechanisms of aging and methods for delaying and even reversing it. Specifically, governments around the world are urged to allocate an additional 0.5% of their national budgets in direct and indirect support of such projects. Such research is likely to yield dividends far greater than equal efforts to combat the age-related diseases themselves.

2021 Publications

Alberts, Bruce. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell. 6th Edition. Garland Science.

Andrews, Bill & Cornell, Jon. (2017). Telomere Lengthening: Curing All Disease Including Aging and Cancer. Sierra Sciences.

Arking, Robert. (2006). The Biology of Aging: Observations and Principles. Oxford University Press.

Barzilai, N. Age Later : Healthspan, Lifespan and the New Science of Longevity (St Martins, 2020).

Blackburn, Elizabeth & Epel, Elissa. (2018). The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer. Grand Central Publishing.

Bulterijs, Sven; Hull, Raphaella S.; Bjork, Victor C. & Roy, Avi G. (2015). “It is time to classify biological aging as a disease.” Frontiers in Genetics 6:205.

Campisi, J., Kapahi, P., Lithgow, G.J. et al. From discoveries in ageing research to therapeutics for healthy ageing. Nature 571, 183–192 (2019).

Carlson, Robert H. (2010). Biology is Technology: The promise, peril, and new business of engineering life. Harvard University Press.

Chiavellini P, Canatelli-Mallat M, Lehmann M, Gallardo MD, Herenu CB, Cordeiro JL, Clement J, Goya RG. Aging and rejuvenation - a modular epigenome model. Aging (Albany NY). 2021; 13:4734-4746.

Church, George M. &Regis, Ed. (2012). Regenesis: How Synthetic Biology will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves. Basic Books.

Cordeiro, José & Wood, David. (2018). La muerte de la muerte: la posibilidad científica de la inmortalidad biológica y su defensa moral. Editorial Deusto, Grupo Planeta.

Da Silva, Paulo F.L. & Schumacher, Björn (2021). Principles of the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Aging. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Volume 141, Issue 4, Supplement.

De Grey, Aubrey & Rae, Michael. (2008). Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. St. Martin's Press.

De Magalhães, João Pedro, Curado, J. & Church, George M. (2009). “Meta-analysis of age-related gene expression profiles identifies common signatures of aging.” Bioinformatics, 25(7), pp. 875-881.

Deep Knowledge Ventures. (2018). AI for Drug Discovery, Biomarker Development and Advanced R&D. Deep Knowledge Ventures.

Fahy, Gregory et al. (ed.). (2010). The Future of Aging: Pathways to Human Life Extension. Springer.

Fossel, Michael. (2015). The Telomerase Revolution: The Enzyme That Holds the Key to Human Aging and Will Soon Lead to Longer, Healthier Lives. BenBella Books.

Friedman, David M. (2007). The Immortalists: Charles Lindbergh, Dr. Alexis Carrel, and Their Daring Quest to Live Forever. Ecco.

Gems D, de Magalhães JP. The hoverfly and the wasp: A critique of the hallmarks of aging as a paradigm. Ageing Res Rev. 2021 Sep;70:101407.

Gupta, Sanjay. (2009). Cheating Death: The Doctors and Medical Miracles that Are Saving Lives Against All Odds. Wellness Central.

Horvath, S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 14, 3156 (2013).

Ioviţă, Anca. (2015). The Aging Gap Between Species. CreateSpace.

Kaku, Michio. (2018). The Future of Humanity: Terraforming Mars, Interstellar Travel, Immortality, and Our Destiny Beyond Earth. Doubleday.

Kennedy, Brian K.; Berger, Shelley, L.; Brunet, Anne; Campisi, Judith; Cuervo, Ana Maria; Epel, Elissa S.; Franceschi, Claudio; Lithgow, Gordon J.; Morimoto, Richard I.; Pessin, Jeffrey E.; Rando, Thomas A.; Arlan Richardson, Arlan; Schadt, Eric E.; Wyss- Coray, Tony & Sierra, Felipe. (2014). “Aging: a common driver of chronic diseases and a target for novel interventions.” Cell, 2014 Nov 6; 159(4): pp. 709–713.

Kenyon, Cynthia J. (2010). “The genetics of ageing.” Nature, 464(7288), pp. 504-512.

Lieberman, Daniel E. (2013). The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and Disease. Vintage.

Longevity.International. (2017). Longevity Industry Analytical Report 1: The Business of Longevity. Longevity.International.

Longevity.International. (2017). Longevity Industry Analytical Report 2: The Science of Longevity. Longevity.International.

López-Otín, Carlos; Blasco, Maria A.; Partridge, Linda; Manuel Serrano, Manuel & Kroemer, Guido. (2013). “The Hallmarks of Aging.” Cell, 2013 Jun 6; 153(6): pp. 1194–1217.

Malsbury, Erin. (2021). Five-year NIH grant supports collaborative research into rejuvenating the aging brain. UC Santa Cruz. Newscenter.

Martinez, Daniel E. (1998). “Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra.” Experimental Gerontology, 1998 May;33(3), pp. 217–225.

Mellon, Jim & Chalabi, Al. (2017). Juvenescence: Investing in the Age of Longevity. Fruitful Publications.

Miller, Philip Lee & Life Extension Foundation. (2005). The Life Extension Revolution: The New Science of Growing Older Without Aging. Bantam Books.

Mitteldorf, Josh & Sagan, Dorion. (2016). Cracking the Aging Code: The New Science of Growing Old, and What it Means for Staying Young. Flatiron Books.

Murphy, K. M. & Topel, R. H. The value of health and longevity. J. Political Econ. 114, 871–904 (2006).

Musi, Nicolas & Hornsby, Peter (ed.). (2015). Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Eight Edition. Academic Press.

Ocampo, Alejandro; Reddy, Pradeep; Martinez-Redondo, Paloma; Platero-Luengo, Aida; Hatanaka, Fumiyuki; Hishida, Tomoaki; Li, Mo; Lam, David; Kurita, Masakazu; Beyret, Ergin; Araoka, Toshikazu; Vazquez-Ferrer, Eric; Donoso, David; Roman, José Luis; Xu, Jinna; Rodriguez Esteban, Concepcion; Gabriel Nuñez, Gabriel; Nuñez Delicado, Estrella; Campistol, Josep M.; Guillen, Isabel; Guillen, Pedro & Izpisua Belmonte, Juan Carlos. (2016). “In Vivo Amelioration of Age-Associated Hallmarks by Partial Reprogramming.” Cell. 2016 Dec 15; 167(7): pp. 1719–1733.

Olshansky, S. J., Perry, D., Miller, R. A. & Butler, R. N. Pursuing the longevity dividend: scientific goals for an aging world. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1114, 11–13 (2007).

Pinker, Steven. (2018). Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. Viking.

Rose, Michael; Rauser, Casandra L. & Mueller, Laurence D. (2011). Does Aging Stop? Oxford University Press.

Salk Institute For Biological Studies - Staff writers. (2021). The Aging Puzzle Comes Together. Inside Salk. Spring 2021 issue.

Science Daily - Staff writers. (2020). Pathways that extend lifespan by 500 percent identified. Science Daily. Source: Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory.

Scott, A.J. Achieving a three-dimensional longevity dividend. Nat Aging 1, 500–505 (2021).Scott, A. J. A longevity dividend versus an aging society. in Live Long and Prosper? The Economics of Aging Populations (ed. Bloom, D. E.) 81–91 (Voxeu.org, 2019).

Scott, A. J., Ellison, M. & Sinclair, D. A. The economic value of targeting aging. Nat. Aging (2021).

Sinclair, David A. (2019). Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don’t Have To. Thorsons.

Skloot, Rebecca. (2010). The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Random House.

Stambler, Ilia. (2014). A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Steele, Andrew. (2021). Ageless: The New Science of Getting Older Without Getting Old. Doubleday.

Stipp, David. (2010). The Youth Pill: Scientists at the Brink of an Anti-Aging Revolution. Current.

Sumien, N., Wells, M.S., Sidhu, A. et al. Novel pharmacotherapy: NNI-362, an allosteric p70S6 kinase stimulator, reverses cognitive and neural regenerative deficits in models of aging and disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 12, 59 (2021).

Venter, J. Craig. (2014). Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life. Penguin Books.

Venter, J. Craig. (2008). A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life. Penguin Books.

Verburgh, Kris. (2018). The Longevity Code: The New Science of Aging. The Experiment.

Walter, Chip. (2020). Immortality, Inc.: Renegade Science, Silicon Valley Billions, and the Quest to Live Forever. National Geographic.

Weiner, Jonathan. (2010). Long for This World: The Strange Science of Immortality. HarpersCollins Publishers.

Wood, David W. (2016). The Abolition of Aging: The forthcoming radical extension of healthy human longevity. Delta Wisdom.

World Health Organization. (2018). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 11th Revision, Edition 2018. World Health Organization.

World Health Organization. (2006). History of the Development of the ICD. World Health Organization.

Zhavoronkov, Alex. (2013). The Ageless Generation: How Advances in Biomedicine Will Transform the Global Economy. Palgrave Macmillan.

Zhavoronkov, Alex & Bhullar, Bhupinder. (2015). Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11. Frontiers in Genetics.

Zhavoronkov, A., Bischof, E. & Lee, K.-F. Artificial intelligence in longevity medicine. Nat. Aging 1, 5–7 (2021).

___________________________________________________________________

ESPAÑOL

HISTORIA

En el año 2005, un pequeño número de científicos destacados firmaron una carta abierta para apoyar una mayor financiación para I+D sobre envejecimiento. Desde entonces, se han logrado muchos avances fundamentales, por ejemplo: descubrimiento de los factores de Yamanaka y el uso de la reprogramación celular parcial, creación de relojes epigenéticos, tratamientos con células madre, terapias génicas y métodos de entrega de genes (AAV, R-MCMV, SEND ), técnicas de edición de genes (CRISPR, TALEN, RNAi), dilución del plasma sanguíneo, inclusión de enfermedades relacionadas con la edad en la clasificación ICD-11 de la OMS en 2018, plegamiento de proteínas resuelto con aprendizaje profundo de IA, vacunaciones con ARNm, entrega de nuevos fármacos métodos, varios tratamientos senolíticos, bioimpresión 3D de órganos, reprogramación de células epigenéticas, terapias de nanotecnología, y más por venir a un ritmo acelerado.

Creemos que es hora de actualizar esta breve carta abierta y difundirla más ampliamente entre el público en general para que haya un apoyo más amplio para más y mejores investigaciones sobre la longevidad, y tratamientos para la misma.

Carta abierta de 2005 http://www.imminst.org/cureaging/

A quien le pueda interesar,

El envejecimiento se ha ralentizado y la vida útil saludable se ha prolongado en muchos modelos animales dispares (C. elegans, Drosophila, ratones enanos Ames, etc.). Por lo tanto, asumiendo que existen mecanismos fundamentales comunes, también debería ser posible retrasar el envejecimiento en los seres humanos.

Un mayor conocimiento sobre el envejecimiento debería traer consigo un mejor manejo de las patologías debilitantes asociadas con el envejecimiento, como el cáncer, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la diabetes tipo II y el Alzheimer. Las terapias dirigidas a los mecanismos fundamentales del envejecimiento serán fundamentales para contrarrestar estas patologías relacionadas con la edad.

Por lo tanto, esta carta es una llamada a la acción para una mayor financiación e investigación tanto de los mecanismos subyacentes del envejecimiento como de los métodos para posponerlo. Tal investigación puede producir dividendos mucho mayores que los esfuerzos iguales para combatir las propias enfermedades relacionadas con la edad. A medida que se comprenden cada vez más los mecanismos del envejecimiento, se pueden desarrollar intervenciones cada vez más eficaces que ayudarán a prolongar la esperanza de vida saludable y productiva de un gran número de personas.

Firmantes de la petición de 2005 http://www.imminst.org/cureaging/

Publicaciones de la petición de 2005 http://www.imminst.org/cureaging/

CARTA ABIERTA DE 2021

A quien pueda interesar,

El envejecimiento ha sido ralentizado y la esperanza de vida saludable se ha prolongado en muchos modelos animales dispares, incluso se ha revertido a nivel celular y de órganos. Por lo tanto, asumiendo (como ahora parece cada vez más probable) que existan mecanismos fundamentales comunes, también debería ser posible retrasar y revertir el envejecimiento en los seres humanos.

Un mayor conocimiento sobre el envejecimiento debería traer consigo un mejor manejo de las patologías debilitantes asociadas con el envejecimiento, como el cáncer, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, la ceguera, la osteoporosis, la sarcopenia, la diabetes tipo II y el Alzheimer. Las terapias dirigidas a los mecanismos fundamentales del envejecimiento serán fundamentales para contrarrestar estas patologías relacionadas con la edad.

El campo de la longevidad está creciendo rápidamente y muchos nuevos actores se están involucrando, incluidos gigantes tecnológicos como Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, IBM, Facebook y Microsoft. Por ejemplo, Google creó Calico (California Life Company) con ese objetivo específico y, junto con AbbView, la ha financiado con miles de millones de dólares. Jeff Bezos, el fundador de Amazon, ha respaldado a Unity Biotechnology, que se especializa en tratamientos para células senescentes. Altos Labs, una gran empresa que contrata a importantes científicos en el campo del envejecimiento, se creó a finales del verano de 2021.

Las publicaciones también han crecido exponencialmente, incluidos libros sobre el envejecimiento, artículos científicos y revistas totalmente nuevas, tales como Nature Aging, que comenzó a publicarse en 2021.

El enorme impacto económico positivo de la longevidad saludable fue estudiado y desarrollado inicialmente como la idea del Dividendo de Longevidad en 2006, y ahora se calcula que alcanzará los 38 billones de dólares al extender la vida útil solo un año, según un estudio reciente de la facultad de Harvard, Oxford y la London School of Economics.

Por lo tanto, esta carta es una llamada a la acción para una mayor financiación e investigación, tanto de los mecanismos subyacentes del envejecimiento, como de los métodos para retrasarlo e incluso revertirlo. Específicamente, se insta a los gobiernos de todo el mundo a que asignen un 0,5% adicional de sus presupuestos nacionales en apoyo directo e indirecto de este tipo de proyectos. Es probable que dicha investigación produzca dividendos mucho mayores que esfuerzos equivalentes para combatir las propias enfermedades relacionadas con la edad.

Publicaciones de la petición de 2021

Alberts, Bruce. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell. 6th Edition. Garland Science.

Andrews, Bill & Cornell, Jon. (2017). Telomere Lengthening: Curing All Disease Including Aging and Cancer. Sierra Sciences.

Arking, Robert. (2006). The Biology of Aging: Observations and Principles. Oxford University Press.

Barzilai, N. Age Later : Healthspan, Lifespan and the New Science of Longevity (St Martins, 2020).

Blackburn, Elizabeth & Epel, Elissa. (2018). The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer. Grand Central Publishing.

Bulterijs, Sven; Hull, Raphaella S.; Bjork, Victor C. & Roy, Avi G. (2015). “It is time to classify biological aging as a disease.” Frontiers in Genetics 6:205.

Campisi, J., Kapahi, P., Lithgow, G.J. et al. From discoveries in ageing research to therapeutics for healthy ageing. Nature 571, 183–192 (2019).

Carlson, Robert H. (2010). Biology is Technology: The promise, peril, and new business of engineering life. Harvard University Press.

Chiavellini P, Canatelli-Mallat M, Lehmann M, Gallardo MD, Herenu CB, Cordeiro JL, Clement J, Goya RG. Aging and rejuvenation - a modular epigenome model. Aging (Albany NY). 2021; 13:4734-4746.

Church, George M. &Regis, Ed. (2012). Regenesis: How Synthetic Biology will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves. Basic Books.

Cordeiro, José & Wood, David. (2018). La muerte de la muerte: la posibilidad científica de la inmortalidad biológica y su defensa moral. Editorial Deusto, Grupo Planeta.

Da Silva, Paulo F.L. & Schumacher, Björn (2021). Principles of the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Aging. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Volume 141, Issue 4, Supplement.

De Grey, Aubrey & Rae, Michael. (2008). Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. St. Martin's Press.

De Magalhães, João Pedro, Curado, J. & Church, George M. (2009). “Meta-analysis of age-related gene expression profiles identifies common signatures of aging.” Bioinformatics, 25(7), pp. 875-881.

Deep Knowledge Ventures. (2018). AI for Drug Discovery, Biomarker Development and Advanced R&D. Deep Knowledge Ventures.

Fahy, Gregory et al. (ed.). (2010). The Future of Aging: Pathways to Human Life Extension. Springer.

Fossel, Michael. (2015). The Telomerase Revolution: The Enzyme That Holds the Key to Human Aging and Will Soon Lead to Longer, Healthier Lives. BenBella Books.

Friedman, David M. (2007). The Immortalists: Charles Lindbergh, Dr. Alexis Carrel, and Their Daring Quest to Live Forever. Ecco.

Gems D, de Magalhães JP. The hoverfly and the wasp: A critique of the hallmarks of aging as a paradigm. Ageing Res Rev. 2021 Sep;70:101407.

Gupta, Sanjay. (2009). Cheating Death: The Doctors and Medical Miracles that Are Saving Lives Against All Odds. Wellness Central.

Horvath, S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 14, 3156 (2013).

Ioviţă, Anca. (2015). The Aging Gap Between Species. CreateSpace.

Kaku, Michio. (2018). The Future of Humanity: Terraforming Mars, Interstellar Travel, Immortality, and Our Destiny Beyond Earth. Doubleday.

Kennedy, Brian K.; Berger, Shelley, L.; Brunet, Anne; Campisi, Judith; Cuervo, Ana Maria; Epel, Elissa S.; Franceschi, Claudio; Lithgow, Gordon J.; Morimoto, Richard I.; Pessin, Jeffrey E.; Rando, Thomas A.; Arlan Richardson, Arlan; Schadt, Eric E.; Wyss- Coray, Tony & Sierra, Felipe. (2014). “Aging: a common driver of chronic diseases and a target for novel interventions.” Cell, 2014 Nov 6; 159(4): pp. 709–713.

Kenyon, Cynthia J. (2010). “The genetics of ageing.” Nature, 464(7288), pp. 504-512.

Lieberman, Daniel E. (2013). The Story of the Human Body: Evolution, Health, and Disease. Vintage.

Longevity.International. (2017). Longevity Industry Analytical Report 1: The Business of Longevity. Longevity.International.

Longevity.International. (2017). Longevity Industry Analytical Report 2: The Science of Longevity. Longevity.International.

López-Otín, Carlos; Blasco, Maria A.; Partridge, Linda; Manuel Serrano, Manuel & Kroemer, Guido. (2013). “The Hallmarks of Aging.” Cell, 2013 Jun 6; 153(6): pp. 1194–1217.

Malsbury, Erin. (2021). Five-year NIH grant supports collaborative research into rejuvenating the aging brain. UC Santa Cruz. Newscenter.

Martinez, Daniel E. (1998). “Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra.” Experimental Gerontology, 1998 May;33(3), pp. 217–225.

Mellon, Jim & Chalabi, Al. (2017). Juvenescence: Investing in the Age of Longevity. Fruitful Publications.

Miller, Philip Lee & Life Extension Foundation. (2005). The Life Extension Revolution: The New Science of Growing Older Without Aging. Bantam Books.

Mitteldorf, Josh & Sagan, Dorion. (2016). Cracking the Aging Code: The New Science of Growing Old, and What it Means for Staying Young. Flatiron Books.

Murphy, K. M. & Topel, R. H. The value of health and longevity. J. Political Econ. 114, 871–904 (2006).

Musi, Nicolas & Hornsby, Peter (ed.). (2015). Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Eight Edition. Academic Press.

Ocampo, Alejandro; Reddy, Pradeep; Martinez-Redondo, Paloma; Platero-Luengo, Aida; Hatanaka, Fumiyuki; Hishida, Tomoaki; Li, Mo; Lam, David; Kurita, Masakazu; Beyret, Ergin; Araoka, Toshikazu; Vazquez-Ferrer, Eric; Donoso, David; Roman, José Luis; Xu, Jinna; Rodriguez Esteban, Concepcion; Gabriel Nuñez, Gabriel; Nuñez Delicado, Estrella; Campistol, Josep M.; Guillen, Isabel; Guillen, Pedro & Izpisua Belmonte, Juan Carlos. (2016). “In Vivo Amelioration of Age-Associated Hallmarks by Partial Reprogramming.” Cell. 2016 Dec 15; 167(7): pp. 1719–1733.

Olshansky, S. J., Perry, D., Miller, R. A. & Butler, R. N. Pursuing the longevity dividend: scientific goals for an aging world. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1114, 11–13 (2007).

Pinker, Steven. (2018). Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. Viking.

Rose, Michael; Rauser, Casandra L. & Mueller, Laurence D. (2011). Does Aging Stop? Oxford University Press.

Salk Institute For Biological Studies - Staff writers. (2021). The Aging Puzzle Comes Together. Inside Salk. Spring 2021 issue.

Science Daily - Staff writers. (2020). Pathways that extend lifespan by 500 percent identified. Science Daily. Source: Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory.

Scott, A.J. Achieving a three-dimensional longevity dividend. Nat Aging 1, 500–505 (2021).

Scott, A. J. A longevity dividend versus an aging society. in Live Long and Prosper? The Economics of Aging Populations (ed. Bloom, D. E.) 81–91 (Voxeu.org, 2019).

Scott, A. J., Ellison, M. & Sinclair, D. A. The economic value of targeting aging. Nat. Aging (2021).

Sinclair, David A. (2019). Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don’t Have To. Thorsons.

Skloot, Rebecca. (2010). The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. Random House.

Stambler, Ilia. (2014). A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Steele, Andrew. (2021). Ageless: The New Science of Getting Older Without Getting Old. Doubleday.

Stipp, David. (2010). The Youth Pill: Scientists at the Brink of an Anti-Aging Revolution. Current.

Sumien, N., Wells, M.S., Sidhu, A. et al. Novel pharmacotherapy: NNI-362, an allosteric p70S6 kinase stimulator, reverses cognitive and neural regenerative deficits in models of aging and disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 12, 59 (2021).

Venter, J. Craig. (2014). Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life. Penguin Books.

Venter, J. Craig. (2008). A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life. Penguin Books.

Verburgh, Kris. (2018). The Longevity Code: The New Science of Aging. The Experiment.

Walter, Chip. (2020). Immortality, Inc.: Renegade Science, Silicon Valley Billions, and the Quest to Live Forever. National Geographic.

Weiner, Jonathan. (2010). Long for This World: The Strange Science of Immortality. HarpersCollins Publishers.

Wood, David W. (2016). The Abolition of Aging: The forthcoming radical extension of healthy human longevity. Delta Wisdom.

World Health Organization. (2018). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 11th Revision, Edition 2018. World Health Organization.

World Health Organization. (2006). History of the Development of the ICD. World Health Organization.

Zhavoronkov, Alex. (2013). The Ageless Generation: How Advances in Biomedicine Will Transform the Global Economy. Palgrave Macmillan.

Zhavoronkov, Alex & Bhullar, Bhupinder. (2015). Classifying aging as a disease in the context of ICD-11. Frontiers in Genetics.

Zhavoronkov, A., Bischof, E. & Lee, K.-F. Artificial intelligence in longevity medicine. Nat. Aging 1, 5–7 (2021).